Project Title : Regional Water and Soil Assessment for Managing Sustainable Agriculture
Project Number LWR1/95/07
Commencement Date 01/07/1997
Completion Date 31/06/2001
Abstract :The research focuses on aspects of the water and nutrient cycles at the plot to regional scales. Key issues are water use efficiency, erosion, salinisation, soil structure and fertility decline. Existing data sets from field and catchment experiments, and remotely sensed data at regional scales, provide the basis for process based modelling developments across the Institutes involved. Indicators based on process understanding, and information systems technologies, are used to simplify the data sets and integrate information across these different scales. Based on conclusions drawn from this research, technology transfer can occur at the regional policy, management and operational levels in an integrated way.
2.Executive Summary
Title: Regional water and soil assessment for managing sustainable agriculture
Purpose and Context of the Project:
The postulate is that improved agricultural water use efficiency will lead to increased agricultural productivity and sustainability. Agricultural water use efficiency is determined by many factors including soil condition, water availability (rainfed or irrigation), physiological characteristics of plant species and management practice and skills. This study aims to establish and validate local and regional measures of water use efficiency and land degradation and convey findings to local farming groups. The methodology comprises a mix of techniques from collecting relevant and detailed plot data, establishing reliable spatial databases using survey data and remote sensing for extrapolation, computer modelling to predict water and solute balances and water use by crops. In addition, environmental indicators are developed as a practical means to assess land and water condition and trends at plot and catchment scales and as a means for technology transfer.
Names of Collaborating Researchers and Institutions:
The work is spread across 4 main laboratories and 5 main sites. The main project staff members are: in Australia, CSIRO Land and Water, Canberra (Dr Joe Walker, Dr Lu Zhang and Tim McVicar) and Adelaide (Dr Rob Fitzpatrick, Richard Merry, Dr Jim Cox, Phil Davies and Leonie Spouncer), Earth Observation Centre (Canberra — Dr David Jupp), in China the CAS laboratories at the Shijiazhuang Institute of Agricultural Modernisation (Prof. Liu Changming, Dr Hu Chengsheng, Dr Zhang Guanglu and Dr Yang Yonghui) and the Institute for Soil and Water Conservation (Yangling — Prof. Li Rui, Dr Liu Guobin, Dr Shao Ming’an and Dr Yang Qinke).
Results and Importance:
The time lines and outputs as stated in the proposal have been met as specified.
Highlights are:
1. Researching, writing and production of a booklet in Chinese titled "An Introduction of Environmental Indicators". This booklet was developed to introduce the concept of Environmental Indicators to the Chinese. This booklet resulted from an intensive period of activity in Canberra involving staff from all research institutions.
2. Establishment and development in CLW Canberra of a regional data base of remotely sensed data, obtained from the WWW, for both sites in China. Provided there is access to regional yield and rainfall data this will allow regional monitoring and up-scaling of water use efficiency indicators.
3. Publication of an Internationally reviewed Journal paper developing techniques to provide meteorological variables at the specific time-of-day of thermal remotely sensed data acquisition. Invitation of another International Journal paper which uses the high spatial density afforded by remote sensing as a covariate when spatially interpolating moisture availability, the ratio of actual to potential evapotranspiration.
4. Two WAVES workshops were held in October 1998 with a total of 26 participants, one in Shijiazhuang and the other at Yangling. They successfully helped users from China to understand the WAVES model and to test and use the model with their own data. This is an important step toward developing methods for assessing regional water balance and water use efficiency.
5. New automated equipment to monitor soil redox status, moisture, temperature and rainfall in the field have been installed in two focus catchments in the Mt. Lofty ranges (Herrmanns) and Dundas Tableland (Red Barren). Both installations are operating successfully and will provide essential temporal data to support soil process models that form the basis of the upscaling approaches. These data will also be used to develop specific indicators at the various scales. This type of monitoring equipment will also be installed in two areas on the North China Plain and represents a great advance as we are now able to follow the course of soil processes at short and long time scales, and follow soil effects of specific rainfall events.
6. Several popular articles and information leaflets on "Rising saline watertables and the development of acid sulfate soils" were published. This information was requested primarily by Landcare Groups in the Mt. Lofty Ranges, Dundas Tableland and on Eyre Peninsula. These publications provide significant outcomes from this project, which involved close collaboration between staff in CSIRO Land and Water, Primary Industries and Resources, South Australia and the Landcare Groups. They have been compiled in a manner that other scientists, decision makers and members of the general public can understand. The publications provide explanations of landscape function where inland acid sulfate soil conditions can and may be experienced and suggest indicators that can be used for better management outcomes.
7. We have developed an up-scaling methodology for regional assessment/prediction of susceptibility to drainage/waterlogging, salinity and acidity /alkalinity for an 80 km2 area in the Mt. Lofty Ranges. All have significant impact on water use efficiency and water quality. Initial assessment of the results obtained show good qualitative agreement based on ground truthing from the two focus catchments as well as from limited random site checks across the region. Our proposed methodology uses field pedology, vegetation, hydrology, topography and remotely sensed data within a GIS framework. A process-based approach has been used to characterise and assess natural resource status and condition.
8. A Soil Process workshop was held in Adelaide between visiting Chinese scientists and relevant staff from CLW, Adelaide in July. Staff participated in several field and laboratory activities and held discussions as a basis for cross transfer of information. Topics discussed included: sodicity, acidity/ alkalinity, salinity, soil carbon modelling, soil redox, soil moisture, hydraulic conductivity, drainage/ waterlogging, erosion, soil fertility, plant nutrient status and catchment indicators.
9. Extensive data collection and analysis of the Keyneton and Keynes catchments in South Australia, focusing on the soil properties, water balance and the role of perennial pastures on catchment water balance.
Likely Direction of Future Research Activities
We are confident that the general direction of the work can be maintained. We have focussed the project to more attainable goals, considering the current restructuring that has occurred with CAS. For example, production of an introductory booklet on environmental indicators in Chinese represents a key outcome not in the original proposal. Also due to the current lack of capacity of computer facilities to process very long time series of regional remotely sensed data this will be undertaken when SIAM staff are visiting Canberra.
3. Progress of Research Work
3.1 Objectives of the Project
The main objectives are:
Revisions:
In the period 1 July 1998 until 30 June 1999 during a visit to China by the CSIRO Spatial Information Task Leader (Tim McVicar) it became obvious that establishment, processing and analysis of a long time series regional remotely sensed data for China had to take place in Australia. This has been established and visiting Chinese scientists will hopefully bring required ancillary (yields and meteorological) data to allow this processing to reach a full conclusion.
Due to communication difficulties the timing of a visit by the ISWC Water Balance Task Leader (Dr Shao Ming’an) to visit CLW Canberra has been postponed.
3.2 Research Activities
Timetable and Personnel
In the period 1 July 1998 until 30 June 1999 there have been no changes in the project timetable or personnel on the project. In a letter from ACIAR to Dr David Jupp, cc-ed to other project members, dated 14 January 1999 Tim McVicar was formally recognised as performing the management role of the project. Currently there are discussions underway within CLW to provide Tim suitable scientific support to be able to deliver the scientific research planned in the Spatial Information Systems Task.
(ii) Analysis and Research Methods
These are listed for each of the four sub-tasks in the following report.
1. Water Balance Modeling Sub-Task:
Following last year’s visit by Lu Zhang, the Yangling Group has managed to test the WAVES model using their data obtained from Changwu. A visit by Dr Shao Mingan to Canberra planned for November this year will summarise the results of this study. There are 13 papers published from the water balance sub-project. These papers deal with a range of issues related to water balance and water use efficiency. The Yangling Group looked at the effects of soil moisture and CO2 concentration on evapotranspiration for some major crops in the Loess Plateau. They also studied the impact of irrigation schemes on crop yield. One paper from the group developed a new analytical solution for heat conduction-convection equation.
The Shijiazhuang Group focused its research on water use efficiency, the concept and theoretical background was reviewed. These papers also reported some recent developments in water use efficiency. Currently, most of research on water use efficiency for the North Chin Plan has been conduced at point or plot scale. It is important that we understand the key processes affecting water use efficiency at these scales. However, what is more important is to be able to provide information at regional scale, e.g. the entire North China Plain, for management purposes. This requires linking water balance and remote measurement process understanding. The development of crop yield and water stress in WAVES has been delayed as a result an internal CLW Divisional Review of water balance models. Currently methods for predicting crop yield have been incorporated into WAVES, these will be calibrated and validated soon.
The Adelaide Group studied the water balance of three representative texture-contrasting soils in the Keyneton Catchment in the Mt Lofty Ranges over the long-term (25 year) using a one-dimensional model. The results of the modelling showed that graziers can reduce deep drainage by as much as 50% by replacing the current cocksfoot, annual-based pastures with perennial based pastures (phalaris or lucerne) in all positions in the landscape. A 50% decrease in deep drainage in the Keyneton catchment, from the introduction of rotationally grazed perennial pastures, could reduce the long-term (25 year) average annual deep drainage from an estimated 50 mm below existing pastures to 25 mm. Thus, the introduction of rotational grazed perennial pastures must be coupled with other higher water using strategies such as tree plantations and engineering strategies to lower saline groundwaters. Studies on intact soil cores taken from the Keyneton catchment showed that deep drainage occurred in some of the soils through a well-developed macropore system. Results of two-dimensional modelling coupled with some measurement of flow within the Keyneton catchment supported the key findings of the 1-D modelling as well as showing the significance of throughflow.
The Canberra Group studied the effect of vegetation changes on catchment water balance. Many environmental problems in Australia are caused by changes in catchment water balance as a result of clearing native vegetation. It is now well established that tree plantations will increase catchment evapotranspiration compared with pasture and crops. This has implications for catchment water balance in terms of land use management and rehabilitation strategies to reduce recharge and salinisation. It is highly desirable to develop a method to predict the effect of such changes on catchment water balance. Based on previous studies and data from over 250 catchments around the world, a simple water balance model was developed. The model showed satisfactory results compared with filed data. Hence, the method is a practical tool for predicting the effect of vegetation changes on catchment water balance.
2. Soil Environment Impacts Sub-Task:
Collected the base data in the Herrmanns (Mt. Lofty Ranges) and Red Barren (Dundas Tableland) focus catchments by:
Preliminary interpretation of metadata suggest that automated monitoring has provided essential temporal data to support integrated spatial models for drainage/waterlogging, salinity and acidity/alkalinity. This information forms the basis of the upscaling approaches and development of specific catchment indicators at the various scales (0.2 km2, 2 km2 and 80 km2 areas). Identical monitoring equipment will be installed in two areas on the North China Plain in October. This information, together with detailed pedological, mineralogical, geochemical and hydrological studies in the focus catchments has led to the construction of several integrated spatial models of surface and groundwater solute movement (22: ADL_10, 23: ADL_13).
Most soils in these medium to high rainfall (>500 mm) catchments in both the Mt Lofty Ranges (22: ADL_10) and Dundas Tablelands (24: ADL_05) are duplex soils and show an abrupt textural boundary between the top soil layers and the subsoil layers (e.g. friable sandy loam over a firm clay). In these catchments, the soils have two distinct water flow systems: (i) a seasonal fresh perched watertable developing between May and October on relatively impermeable subsoil layers, and (ii) a permanent saline sulfatic groundwater table which occurs in the fractured rock geology. Clearance of native vegetation has caused the saline groundwater to rise. The models show where water is moving through the soils; where water movement is being impeded, leading to waterlogging; and where saline and sulfatic groundwaters are causing soils to degrade.
Recognisable soil and vegetation features (indicators) have been identified with varying degrees of waterlogging, salinity, sodicity and acid sulfate soil properties. Farmers are keen observers of their environment and can use this new information to recognise and map waterlogged and salt affected areas. These readily observable soil characteristics can then be used as tools to devise options for management of the problem and for future property planning. The value of this work is currently being enhanced by:
Presentation of an invited paper, "Nature and significance of minerals formed in Australian mediterranean soils during land use changes" at the 6th International Meeting on Soils with Mediterranean Type of Climate (IMSMTC) in Barcelona, Spain in July 99 (Ref 21: ADL_07). The paper gives an overview on how changes in the nature and types of iron oxides, carbonates and salt efflorescences can help distinguish between ancient and recent redox, hydro-geochemical and thermal soil conditions are able to better predict environmental and management options. Because specific types of pedogenic minerals are formed or altered by changes in hydrology, geochemistry (e.g. salinity), fire history, tillage practices and evapotranspiration they can be used to infer where and to what degree Australian soils have been influenced by current landuse changes.
3. Information Systems Sub-Task:
Strategic Scientific Research
One of the major stumbling blocks preventing thermal remote sensing from being operationally linked with regional energy / water balance modeling is the need for meteorological data at the specific time-of-day that the thermal remotely sensed data is acquired. There are many more stations recording daily meteorological data than stations recording data continuously e.g. well instrumented research catchments (which are costly and are usually for small catchments for short periods). Methods have been developed and tested which explore options for providing the required one-time-of-day meteorological data from standard daily data, this is in press in Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, see ref 29 (CBR_02). Overcoming this barrier allows thermal remote sensing to be operationally used with energy / water balance models over large areas like the Murray-Darling Basin and the North China Plain.
Designing and populating the GIS framework
Extensive time series of remotely sensed data has been obtained by CLW Canberra for all of China. 8 km2 PAL data from NASA for all of China set is from July 1981 until September 1994. The 1 km2 AVHRR data set from USGS is from 1 April 1992 until 30 September 1993 then from 1 February 1995 until January 1996, there is also some data for May 1996. These data sets have been obtained from the WWW and data processing including rectification to a common projection undertaken. Focussing on the NCP the integral under the NDVI time series curve is calculated for wheat growing period (day-of-year 59 to 171) and for corn growing period (day-of-year 181 to 293). Considering the temporal extent of the two data sets allows up-scaling to be performed focussing on the corn growing period in 1992, both wheat in 1993. If we slightly shorten the NDVI integration period by one month there is the opportunity to assess corn in 1993 and wheat in 1994.
Similar analysis will also be undertaken for the Loess Plateau, however there is extreme topographic control on both the at-satellite observed radiance and surface water flow. We lack a suitable digital elevation model (DEM) for the entire Loess Plateau to allow these effects to be normalised. Hence for the Loess Plateau this analysis is currently seen as exploratory. To assist in overcoming the lack of a suitable DEM for the entire Loess Plateau software to generate an accurate DEM, specifically ANUDEM has been purchased for ISWC. However, due to the time required for data capture considering the relative complexity of the Loess Plateau landscape it is unlikely that such will exist before this current ACIAR project is complete. The group in ISWC are concentrating on developing the indicators approach where they have suitable GIS data.
Up-scaling Soil Processes
The Adelaide Research group have made substantial progress in establishing appropriate methodologies for up-scaling, mapping and monitoring soil indicators at regional scales (Ref: 28 ADL_08). They have assessed and developed methodologies using soil processes data within a GIS framework to produce regional scale (ie. ~80 km2) assessments of drainage/waterlogging, salinity and soil acidity/alkalinity. These regional scale assessments are being verified by using detailed mapped information at catchment (2.0 km2 ) and toposequence (400 m within a 0.2 km2 key area) scales. Further funds have been made available from the National Land and Water Resources Audit (NLWRA) to augment this work. A number of techniques are being used to assess and predict poor drainage/waterlogging, salinity and soil acidity/alkalinity and produce a set of nested maps at a range of scales.
Our proposed methodology uses field pedology, vegetation, hydrology, topography and remotely sensed data within a GIS framework. This up-scaling methodology requires adequate data sets at multiple scales (see refs: 28: ADL_08; 38: CBR_03). A process-based approach has been used to characterise and assess natural resource status and condition. Recognition of soil process patterns at large/ point scale followed by controlled extrapolation of these patterns to smaller scales (catchments and regions) is essentially the approach adopted in this project. This technique relies on control data sets at the various scales to act as checks and or refinement tools in the up-scaling process.
This regional assessment has the potential to be used in conjunction with the published soil assessment manual to help landholders better map problem sites by recognising key field indicators and using the information as part of their property management planning. This approach will also increase landholder and regional adviser awareness of the extent of soil degradation through the use of field indicators (see refs: 35: ADL_09). The final report will be published as a CD-ROM/ WWW product and will provide significant outcomes from this project, which involved close collaboration between staff in CSIRO Land and Water, University of South Australia and Primary Industries and Resources, South Australia.
The ISWC Information Systems Group have made considerable progress developing data bases to rapidly survey soil erosion at a regional scale, see ref 25. (ISWC_04) and 26. (ISWC_06). Also several other papers that were discussed in the 97/98 annual report are attached, refer to 41. (ISWC_01), 42. (ISWC_02), and 43. (ISWC_03).
The SIAM Information Systems Group have been have been expanding their GIS, focusing on developing regional yield and meteorological data bases.
4. Technology Transfer Sub-Task:
The production of a booklet titled "A Guide to Environmental Indicators" (see ref 39. (CBR_04) is a major outcome. This involved staff from all research institutions during an intensive three week period in Canberra. The booklet introduces the concept of Environmental Indicators in a manner that is sensitive to the Chinese environment, and social / political situations. The booklet provides a background of Environmental Management in China, next Indicators (within the classical scientific approach) are introduced, several steps are outlined in more detail and finally relevant examples are provided.
Last year in Section 3.4 Budget Discussion we reported that "in the final year of the project, when technology transfer is the focus it would be very useful if extra funding from ACIAR allowed both a hardcopy publication of a Chinese Indicators Book and a Project Summary CD ROM, in both English and Chinese languages to be produced". We now have first hand experience in production of technology transfer material in Chinese. Based on this we conclude that CSIRO scientist will concentrate primarily on producing English outputs, while CAS scientists will concentrate on Chinese outputs. Where appropriate, scientists from both countries will publish material in the International per reviewed scientific literature.
A CSIRO Land and Water project information sheet has been produced (see ref: 38: CBR_03). This is a popular article and presents the ACIAR project in a manner that other scientists, decision makers and members of the general public can understand. Specific to the Soil Process Task several other information leaflets have also been produced. These provide explanations of landscapes function where inland acid sulphate conditions can and may be experienced and suggest indicators can be used for better management outcomes (see refs: 33: ADL_05; 20: ADL_04).
A major effort was undertaken to upgrade the WEB site. This has allowed project staff to easily send e-mails to each other and the results from the project, to date, are more organised for external visitors to the WWW site.
A primary focus of this Technology Transfer sub-task has been to provide Landcare groups and scientists with the best soil indicators for monitoring the condition of catchments. This was tackled in three ways, namely:
The above products provide significant outcomes from this project, which involved close collaboration between staff in CSIRO Land and Water, Primary Industries and Resources, South Australia and Landcare Groups.
Two WAVES workshops were held in October 1998 with a total 26 participants, one in Shijiazhuang and the other at Yangling. They successfully helped users from China to understand the WAVES model and to test and use the model with their own data. Possible outcomes of the workshop were: (1) calibrated model with data from Changwu and Luancheng; and (2) comparison of WAVES with local water balance model in the context of dryland and irrigated agriculture. These outcomes will be evaluated by the CSIRO Water Balance Task Leader (Lu Zhang) during a visit to China in the near future.
A Spatial Information Systems workshop was successfully conducted at Yangling in October 1998, with a total of 10 participants. The workshop assisted the ISWC Spatial Information Systems staff to understand the temporal and spatial interactions of remote sensing, GIS and process understanding. During the workshop current methods and ideas for how process understanding can be interpolated in a spatial and temporal domain, using spatial information systems, were discussed. The requirement for suitable software to develop an accurate DEM for the entire Loess Plateau was
A Soil Process workshop was held in Adelaide between visiting Chinese scientists (Drs Hu and Liu) and relevant staff from CLW, Adelaide in July. Staff participated in several field and laboratory activities and held discussions as a basis for cross transfer of information. Topics discussed included:
(iii) Implications/Results
This is the second year of the project and the publication of results in the scientific literature has been maintained a high level during this year. The production of the booklet "A Guide to Environmental Indicators (In Chinese)" was major focus during this year and this set the platform for using indicators in technology transfer in China. Major visits by Chinese scientists are planned for early 2000 to finish analysis and present material ready for International Journal publication on up-scaling of WUE for the NCP to finalise a joint report targeting the ability to up-scale a taxation assessment system for the Loess Plateau.
During the mid-term review, to be held in October 1999, we will assess if regional scale data, in particular yield and meteorological has been purchased and working digital data established and organised to be integrated with the long time series of remotely sensed data for China developed at CLW Canberra.
(iv) Problems
There have been some communication difficulties between the Chinese and Australian laboratories, in particular it has been very uncertain if e-mails have been getting through to Yangling. It may be possible that this is reason for the postponing of the trip of Water Balance Modeller from Yangling to Canberra which was scheduled this year.
In China the problem of limited time series remotely sensed data availability has been overcome by acquiring data from the WWW. However the problem of essential data such as regional yield and meteorological data will be assessed at the mid-term review which is planned for October 1999. Purchasing and establishing these digital georeferenced data sets needs to performed prior to visits by SIAM Spatial Information System staff next year.
Tim McVicar is performing increased management responsibilities in the ACIAR project and some extra capacity in the Spatial Information Systems staffing in Canberra has been explored to ensure scientific outputs are delivered on time.
(v) Report and Publications
These are included in Section 3.2 Research Activities sub-section (ii) Analysis and Research Methods. These have been collated and are provided as attachments.
Benefits of Research
The benefits to date have been in establishing similar approaches to WUE modelling (at both the plot and regional scales) and a common approach to the development of environmental indicators.
3.3 Travel and Meetings
In May 1999 Dr Liu Guobin (ISWC) and Dr Hu Chengsheng (SIAM) visited both Canberra and Adelaide. They visited Canberra for 3 weeks where they worked very closely with members of the CLW Canberra ACIAR team (Drs Joe Walker, Tim McVicar and Lu Zhang) and with Dr Doug Reuter CLW Adelaide to research and write a booklet in Chinese titled "A Guide to Environmental Indicators". This is currently being printed. Both Chinese visitors then travelled to Adelaide where they visited detailed experimental catchments in the Adelaide Hills, discussed draft scientific results and the transferability of soil process indicators from China to Australia, and vice versa. Training courses for the use of soil equipment purchased for ISWC and SIAM from the ACIAR project was also conducted. In summary Dr Guobin visited for 7 weeks and Du Chengsheng for 6 weeks.
In October 1998 four CSIRO scientists (Joe Walker, Richard Merry, Lu Zhang and Tim McVicar) travelled to China. They firstly travelled to ISWC where meetings and progress reporting was held with partner scientists. The four scientists then travelled to Beijing and held a meeting with Prof. Liu Changming and Yang Yonghui. After this meeting Joe, Richard and Lu travelled to Shijiazhuang and held a similar meeting with all staff from SIAM. Richard Merry also visited field sites on the NCP with staff from SIAM. Meanwhile Tim had meetings with previous collaborators from the CAS Institute of Remote Sensing Applications, Beijing, to determine if regional meteorological data was available for the NCP. Richard and Joe left China after two weeks. For the next 2 weeks Lu and Tim both returned to ISWC and worked with Chinese scientists, including visiting the Ansai experimental catchment. In summary both Joe Walker and Richard Merry visited for 2 weeks while Lu Zhang and Tim McVicar visited for a month.
3.4 Budget Discussion
Removed from General WWW view.
3.5 Conclusions
It is our view that the project is on track and has produced an impressive set of scientific outcomes. Some of the problems associated with communication have been overcome by the development and maintenance of the WWW site. Lack of response by e-mail and telephone from some sites make coordinating the project difficult. The plans for the future involve working toward timely delivery of the major outcomes.
4. Appendices
4.1 Research Result of Note
These have been discussed in the Executive Summary
4.2 Research Reports, Papers and Publications
There are 43 attached publications, these can be cross referenced with the listing here. The 39th publication, the booklet titled "A Guide to Environmental Indicators (In Chinese)" will be forwarded to ACIAR soon after it is printed. Many are discussed in the body of the annual report under Section 3.2 Research Activities sub-section (ii) Analysis and Research Methods.
1. Water Balance Modeling Sub-Task:
1. (ISWC_08): Kang Shaozhong, Zhang Fucang, Liang Yinli, Ma Qinglin, and Hu Xizotao (1999). Effects of Soil Water and the Atmospheric CO2 Concentration Increase on Evaportranspiration, Photosynthesis, Growth of Wheat, Maize and Cottton. Journal of Agricultural Sciences Society of China. 25(1):55-63
2. (ISWC_09) : Liang Yinli and Kang Shaozhong (1998) Effects of Water saving Irrigation on Photosynthesis and Yield of Winter Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.). Journal of Northwestern Agriculture University. 26(4):16-19
3. (ISWC_10): Liang Yinli (1998). Importance of Manure on Agriculture sustainably Development in Semi-arid Area During Drought Years. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation. 18(7):67-70
4. (ISWC_11): Liang Yinli (1998). The action of Irrigating-limited on Seedling Vigor of Winter Wheat (Triticum Aestivum L.) on Loess Plateau. Journal of Northwestern Agriculture University 7(3):20-22
5. (ISWC_12): Mingan Shao, Robert Horton, and D. B. Jaynes (1998). Analytical Solution for One-Dimensional Heat Conduction - Convection Equation. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 62:123-128
6. (SIAM_01): Wang Huixiao and Liu Changming (1999), Advances in Crop Water Use Efficiency Research. Advances in Water Science (In Chinese), Vol. 10. (Accepted).
7. (SIAM_02): Zhang Xiying, Pei Dong You Maozheng, (1999), Ways for increasing farmland water use efficiency in the plain located in front of Taihang Mountains, Eco-Agriculture Research (In Chinese), Vol. 7(3). (Accepted).
8. (ADL_01): Ashley, R.M. (1999) Soil properties affecting water movement through duplex soils from Keynes Catchment, South Australia. Unpublished Honours Thesis. Department of Soil and Water, Adelaide University, 93 pp.
9. (ADL_11): Pritchard, J.L. (1998) Modelling the water balance of duplex soils at Keyneton, Mt Lofty Ranges. Unpublished Honours Thesis. Department of Soil and Water, Adelaide University, 134 pp.
10. (ADL_16): Pitman, A., Cox, J.W. and Bellotti, W.D. (1997) Water usage of perennial pastures on duplex soils. Proceedings of the "Changing Australia" National Landcare Conference Adelaide, South Australia. 16th-17th September 1997.
11. (ADL_17): Pitman, A., Cox, J.W. and Bellotti, W.D (1998) Water usage and dry matter production of perennial pastures on sloping duplex soils. Proceedings of the National Landcare Conference Adelaide, South Australia 5th-12th July 1998.
12. (ADL_18): Pitman, A., Cox, J.W. and Bellotti, W.D. (1998) Water usage and dry matter production of perennials down a duplex toposequence. Proceedings of the 9th Australian Agronomy Conference Charles Sturt University Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 20th-23rd July 1998.
13. (CBR_01): Lu Zhang, Dawes, W.R., Walker, G.R. (1999) Predicting the Effect of Vegetation Changes on Catchment Average Water Balance. CRC for Catchment Hydrology. Technical Report 5/99, 36 pp
2. Soil Environment Impacts Sub-Task:
14. (ISWC_15): Liu Guobin and Li Rui (1999) Small Watershed and Eco-Agricultural Construction in Loess Hilly Region - A Case Study in Zhifanggou watershed in Ansai. Presented at the 10th International Soil Conservation Organization Conference, May 23-27, West Lafayette, Indiana, pp 38.
15. (ISWC_16): Li Rui, Yang Qinke, Liu Guobin and Hu Liangjun (1999) Regional Evaluation of Soil Conservation Based on GIS and RS in Loess Plateau of China. Presented at the 10th International Soil Conservation Organization Conference, May 23-27, West Lafayette, Indiana, pp 39.
16. (ISWC_17): Zheng Fen-Li and Gao Xue-Tian (1999) Effect of Up-Slope Runoff on Shallow Gully Erosion Process at Down-Slope Section. Presented at the 10th International Soil Conservation Organization Conference, May 23-27, West Lafayette, Indiana, pp 68.
17. (SIAM_03): Hu Chunsheng (1999), Physical and chemical indicators of soil health diagnostics and its application, Eco-Agriculture Research (In Chinese), Vol. 7(3). (Accepted).
18. (SIAM_04): Mao Renzhao, Fitzpatrick R.W. (1999), Preliminary of study on magnetic susceptibility of saline soil. Eco-Agriculture Research (In Chinese), Vol. 7(3). (Accepted).
19. (ADL_02): Bui, E.N., Krogh, L., Lavado, R.S., Nachtergaele, F.O., Toth, T. and Fitzpatrick, R.W. (1998) Distribution of Sodic Soils: The World Scene. 19-33. In: M.E. Sumner and R. Naidu (eds.). Sodic Soils: Distribution, Properties, Management and Environmental Consequences. Oxford University Press.
20. (ADL_04): Fitzpatrick, R.W. (1999) Acid sulfate soils: Rising saline watertables turn acid. Farming Ahead 89, 55-56.
21. (ADL_07): Fitzpatrick, R.W (1999) Nature and significance of minerals formed in Australian Mediterranean soils during land use changes. Extended abstract: 6th International Meeting on Soils with Mediterranean Type of Climate (IMSMTC), Barcelona, Spain, July 4-9, 1999. 3 pp.
22. (ADL_10): Fritsch E., Cox, J.W. and Fitzpatrick, R.W. (1997) Processos Hidro-Geoquimicos De Transformacao De Solos Tropicais: Um Exemplo Do Sul Da Australia. Presented at XIIIth South American Soil Science Congress, Aguas de Lindoias (Brazil) in August 1996 (Solo-Suelo 1996). Geochimica Brasiliensis 11 (3) 285-297.
23. (ADL_13): Salama, R.B., Otto, C.J. and Fitzpatrick, R.W. (1999) Contributions of groundwater conditions to soil and water salinisation. Hydrogeology Journal. 7, 46-64.
24. (ADL_15): Cox, J.W., Fitzpatrick, R.W., Merry, R.H., McCaskill, M. and Mao, R. (1998) Characterisation of six soil profiles at the MLA SGSKP site at Vasey, Victoria. CSIRO Land and Water Technical Report 38/98 October 1998.
3. Information Systems Sub-Task:
25. (ISWC_04): Zhang Xiaoping and Yang Qinke (1998). Designing and Building of soil Erosion Environment Database in China. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation. 18(5): 35-39
26. (ISWC_06): Yang Qinke, Li Rui, Zhang Xiaoping and Li Zhiguang (1999) On Rapid Survey of Soil Erosion in Regional Scale. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation. 19(3): In press
27. (ISWC_14): David L. B. Jupp (1998) Current state of Remote sensing and GIS in Soil and Water Conservation. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation. 18(5) 2nd Face
28. (ADL_08): Fitzpatrick, R.W., Bruce, D.A., Merry, R.H., Davies, P.J., Spouncer, L.R., Bishop, L. and Maschmedt, D.J. (1999) Soil landscape quality assessment at catchment and regional scale: Mt Lofty Ranges Pilot Project, Interim Technical Report — February, 1999. 6 pp.
29. (CBR_02): McVicar, T.R. and Jupp, D.L.B. (1999) Estimating one-time-of-day meteorological data from standard daily data as inputs to thermal remote sensed based energy balance models. Agriculture and Forest Meteorology, (In Press), 20 pp.
4. Technology Transfer Sub-Task:
30. (SIAM_05): Wang Huixiao, Liu Changming (1999), Some analysis regarding indicators of crop water use efficiency in the North China Plain. Eco-Agriculture Research (In Chinese), Vol. 7(3). (Accepted).
31. (SIAM_06): Cheng Yisong, Hu Chunsheng (1999), Study on the agricultural environment bearing capacity (AEBC) in the middle-south of Hebei province. Eco-Agriculture Research (In Chinese), Vol. 7(3). (Accepted).
32. (ADL_03): Fitzpatrick, R.W. (1999) Soil quality indicators for healthy catchments. Proceedings Soil Quality Workshop, NSW Agriculture, Tocal, NSW, 21 April, 1999. 5 pp.
33. (ADL_05): Fitzpatrick, R.W. (1999) Rising saline watertables and the development of acid sulfate soils. CSIRO Land and Water Research Information Sheet No. 13, 4 pp.
34. (ADL_06): Fitzpatrick, R.W., McKenzie, N.J. and Maschmedt, D. (1999) Soil morphological indicators and their importance to soil fertility. 55-69. In: K. Peverell, L.A. Sparrow and D.J. Reuter (eds.) ASPAC Soil Interpretation Manual. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Australia.
35. (ADL_09): Fitzpatrick, R.W., Cox, J.W. and Bourne, J. (1999) Managing waterlogged and saline catchments in the Mt Lofty Ranges, South Australia: Tungkillo Landcare Group case study. Brochure prepared for the launch of the National Dryland Salinity Program Phase II. Field Day at the Herrmann's catchment, 24th June, 1999.
36. (ADL_12): Reuter, D.J. (1998) Developing indicators for monitoring catchment health: The challenges. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 38, 637-648.
37. (ADL_14): Cox, J.W. (1998) Land clearance changes on the hydrology of a toposequence as predicted by soil morphology. Proceedings of the 16th World Congress of Soil Science August 20th-26th 1998 Montpellier France (on CD-ROM).
38. (CBR_03): McVicar, T.R., Zhang, L., Fitzpatrick, R.W. and Walker, J. (1999) Making agriculture sustainable and more efficient: Better water use, less soil loss. CSIRO Land and Water Research Information Sheet No. 12, 4 pp.
39. (CBR_04): Guobin, L., Chunsheng H., Walker J., McVicar T.R., Lingtao L., Zhang L., Reuter D., Rui, L. and Liu, C. (1999) A Guide to Environmental Indicators: (In Chinese). CSIRO Land and Water, Canberra, 20 pp.
There are also several papers attached that were cited in the 1st Annual report as being (In Press), these have now been published and are also attached.
40. (ISWC_13) Mingan Shao and Robert Horton (1998). Integral Method for Estimating Soil Hydraulic Properties. Soil Science Society of America Journal. 62(3), 585-592.
41. (ISWC_01) Yang Qinke and Li Rui (1998) Review of the Quantitative Analysis and Prediction of Soil Erosion in China. Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation (In Chinese). 18(5), 13-18.
42. (ISWC_02) Li Zhiguang and Li Rui (1998) On the Evaluation Methods of Comprehensive Benefits for Watershed Management Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation (In Chinese). 18(5), 19-23.
43. (ISWC_03) Hu Liangjun (1998) GIS Based Index for the Regional Soil Erosion Modelling Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation (In Chinese). 18(5), 24-27.
ACIAR LWR1/95/07 home page | Top of page
Last updated 9 Sep 1999
Copyright 1999, CSIRO Australia communicator@eoc.csiro.au
Use of this web site and information available from it
is subject to one or more of the following leagal notices
CSIRO Legal Notice and Disclaimer